Finding Groups in a Portuguese Overweight Population, with Real World Data

Overweight is a significant risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as type II diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. This study used real-world data from the Northern Portugal Regional Health Administration to identify distinct subgroups within an overweight population. A retrospective analysis of 573,649 individuals coded with ICPC T83 in 2019 was performed, with k-means clustering applied after multiple imputations. Two clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (C1) comprised mainly older men with higher weight, abdominal perimeter, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and increased cardiometabolic risk. Cluster 2 (C2) consisted primarily of younger women with lower anthropometric measures and healthier lifestyle behaviors. Clinicians in C1 accessed forms on physical activity and substance use more frequently, suggesting a focus on lifestyle interventions. These findings highlight the importance of tailored approaches in managing overweight individuals, with C1 requiring more intensive interventions and C2 benefiting from preventive strategies.