The role of heritage language maintenance in shaping identity and cohesion among migrant populations: A case study of Saudi Arabia

Language serves as a vessel for traditions, values, and a shared sense of belonging, linking individuals across both generations and geographical boundaries. This study examined the role of heritage language maintenance in shaping cultural identity, fostering social cohesion, and facilitating integration among first-generation migrant populations residing in the urban areas of Northern Borders province, Saudi Arabia. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 44 participants, selected through purposive sampling from culturally and linguistically heterogeneous backgrounds, including communities from South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. Thematic analysis was employed to identify critical patterns and themes, revealing that heritage language maintenance occurred through familial interactions, community gatherings, and digital platforms, stressing intergenerational transmission and cultural engagement. Heritage languages preserve cultural identity and foster a sense of pride, belonging, and shared values. They also strengthened social cohesion within migrant populations, although challenges, such as the dominance of Arabic and limited public usage, complicated broader societal integration. This study elucidates the dual role of heritage languages in building solidarity within migrant communities and the challenges they encounter in broader societal integration. The findings underscore the need for inclusive language policies and locally grounded community initiatives that support intergenerational heritage language use, promote cultural diversity, and enhance social cohesion within the Saudi context.