Antimicrobial Usage Knowledge Attitude and Practice Among Aquaculture Farmers in Kaduna State

The use of antimicrobials in aquaculture is a widespread practice to prevent infections, promote growth, and reduce mortality. However, this has raised concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR), environmental pollution, and human health risks. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of aquaculture farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria, regarding antimicrobial use and identified associated factors. A stratified random sampling method was utilized, distributing 60 validated questionnaires across four agricultural zones, yielding 51 responses. The pretested questionnaires ensured validity and reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.700. Data analysis revealed key demographic insights: 84.3% of respondents were male, 76.5% had tertiary education, and 51% had 2–5 years of aquaculture experience. Catfish farming dominated (90.1%), with most farmers also raising poultry (62.7%). Findings highlighted a reliance on antibiotics (68.63%), primarily for infection treatment (64.71%). Antimicrobials were obtained through veterinary prescriptions (56.86%), self-prescription (23.53%), or over-the-counter purchases (19.61%). Occasional administration (41.18%) was most common. The prevalence of fungal (52.94%) and bacterial (33.33%) diseases emphasized the need for improved biosecurity, which 88.24% of farmers deemed very important. Challenges included waste disposal practices, water quality management, and the misuse of antimicrobials for prophylaxis and growth promotion. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including farmer education, stringent regulatory frameworks, and alternative disease management strategies, to mitigate AMR, safeguard public health, and ensure sustainable aquaculture in Kaduna State.