Characterization of Biochar Produced from Sawdust and Polypropylene Plastic Waste Composite via Slow Pyrolysis

The combination of plastic waste and sawdust can be used to create a composite material, specifically biochar, which leverages the properties of both components. The formulation and manufacturing process depend on the desired characteristics and application of the biochar composite. Various ratios and techniques can be optimized to enhance the properties of the composite, and additional additives or modifiers can also be incorporated to achieve specific results. In this context, composite sawdust and biochar have been developed to study the structure of charcoal with the goal of improving wastewater treatment using waste materials as precursors via slow pyrolysis process that heats biomass in an oxygen-limited environment at lower temperatures (300-500°C) and over longer periods. Through chemical and physical analysis, it was observed that the biochar derived from the sawdust and plastic waste composite (SP biochar) consists of approximately 80-90% carbon. The physical structure of SP biochar is smooth and honeycomb-like, with a porous surface and a specific surface area of around 0.6656 m<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>/g. The isotherm analysis classifies it as a Type III isotherm. Several functional groups were identified in the SP biochar, including hydroxyl groups (-OH, 1990–2140 cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup>), carboxyl groups (-COOH, 1040–1050 cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup>), phenolic groups (-OH attached to an aromatic ring, 1566–1650 cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup>), and ether (-0) groups. These functional groups contribute to the stability of the biochar's structure and influence its hydrophobic properties. In conclusion, SP biochar demonstrates potential as an effective sorbent for water and wastewater treatment, making use of waste materials for a valuable environmental application.