Penetration and Impact of Electric Vehicle Loads on System Operation: Optimal Design and Modeled as M/M/C queue theory

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is expected to grow consistently in the coming years. However, a major challenge in the widespread use of PEVs is the significant impact of PEV charging demand on power systems. To address this, it is crucial to model PEV charging demand to mitigate potential adverse effects on the distribution network. After estimating the charging demand of PEVs, its impact on the distribution system can be evaluated through two approaches: uncontrolled operation and optimal distribution network operation. This paper introduces methods for modeling PEV charging demand, alongside a methodology to assess its impact using specific performance metrics. It also incorporates an M/M/c queuing model to represent the charging demand at a single station. The effects of PEV charging demand on the distribution system are further analyzed using optimal power flow. MATLAB is used for simulating the proposed model, while GAMS with the CPLEX solver is applied for system load analysis. The results show that the expected hourly voltage profile at bus 5 remains stable within acceptable limits under PEV load, and the hourly expected system loss index with PEV demand is also within a satisfactory range.