Ideal Tilt Angle of a Photovoltaic System for Sustainable Rooftop Solarization in Karachi

Developing nations like Pakistan need reliable energy to sustain economic growth. As residential areas expand the conventional power industry which contributes to CO2 emissions and global warming, faces increased demand. Traditional buildings rely on these polluting energy sources for daily operations exacerbating the greenhouse effect. This article proposes a cost-effective renewable energy solution for sustainable green buildings in Karachi. Solar energy, the fastest-growing energy source worldwide, shows significant potential in Pakistan, with average daily solar radiation of 5.5-6.5 kWh/m<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on a solar plane surface. Rooftop solar power generation (RTSPG) offers a clean and green energy source for sustainable development. Using PVSyst modeling software, the ideal tilt angles for RTSPG systems were determined, optimizing performance ratios and minimizing losses, and the power generation through conventional plants also adds CO2 and pollutes the environment. The system, designed to meet maximum demand, utilized rooftop space and a grid-connected setup, allowing for future expansion. Optimal tilt angles of 11°-13° for summer and 40°-45° for winter maximize solar irradiation. Performance ratios recorded from 87.3% in December and January and with an annual average PR recorded 84.8% for Karachi. The system’s power generation saved 19242879.896 tons of CO2 emissions for 1827702 MWh. This study supports the global development of grid-connected solar systems, reducing reliance on conventional power sources and lowering carbon emissions.