Perspective on Mortality Associated with Particulate Matter in Upper Northern Thailand over the 2014–2023 Period

The upper northern region of Thailand has long been facing issues with particulate matter (PM) problems. During the study period from 2014 to 2023, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations exceeded both the Thailand and the WHO guidelines, significantly impacting the local people's health, particularly through diseases associated with PM. This study aims to analyze diseases related to mortality from PM. The findings revealed that the highest mortality rates related to PMassociated diseases were observed in the circulatory system (I00I99), including heart failure, unspecified (I50.9), essential (primary) hypertension (I10), and heart failure (I50), accounting for 17%, 9%, and 8% of all causes of death, respectively. Additionally, chronic kidney disease, unspecified (N18.9), and senile degeneration of the brain, not elsewhere classified (G31.1) also show high mortality rates in this region, accounting for 8% and 6% of all causes of death, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between PM10 concentration and heart failure, unspecified (I50.9), with a correlation coefficient of 0.857 (p = 0.007). Therefore, the relevant agencies should closely monitor these disease groups and find solutions promptly.