Magnetic Cell-Mimetic Droplet Microrobots with Division and Exocytosis Capabilities

The first challenge in building a living robotic system inspired by life evolution is how to replicate the original form of life-the cell. However, current microrobots mimic cell motion control but fail to replicate the functional biological activities of cellular systems. Here, we propose a strategy that programs microparticle swarms encapsulated in droplets at an air/liquid interface to create cell-mimetic droplet microrobots with vitality by employing alternating magnetic fields. Through the design of algorithms and spontaneous interface waves, our collective system embodies reversible transitions between gas, chain, array, and disk-like collective modes, and emulates various complex activities of living cells in nature, including division and exocytosis. Based on these 2 capabilities learned from living cells, the cell-mimetic microrobots navigate the bile duct to the gallbladder under the guidance and control of magnetic fields, completing the drug release task. This cell-mimetic microrobots may provide a fundamental understanding of cellular life and pave the way for the construction of artificial living systems. Furthermore, they hold substantial potential for medical and environmental applications.