Identification of priority areas for ecological restoration based on ecological security patterns and ecological risks: A case study of the Hefei Metropolitan Area

• Integration of ESP and ERA identifies priority restoration areas in urban landscapes • Ecological network analysis reveals 36 source areas and 92 interconnected corridors. • Seventy-three restoration nodes prioritized at critical urban–natural transition zones. • Five restoration types designed to enhance targeted ecological functions. • Spatial prioritization framework balances ecological conservation with urban development needs. Intensifying human activities have triggered significant ecological degradation, necessitating innovative approaches to ecosystem restoration. This study introduces a novel integrated methodology combining Ecological Security Patterns (ESP) and Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) to identify priority ecological restoration areas in the Hefei Metropolitan Area. By synthesizing these complementary approaches, we overcome the limitations of individual methods and establish a comprehensive framework for prioritizing ecological restoration. We construct a complex ecological network comprising 36 source areas spanning 8313.96 km 2 and 92 interconnected ecological corridors extending 24,489.17 km. We have identified 73 ecological restoration nodes and 19 key restoration areas covering 544.45 km 2 , predominantly located at critical ecological junctions. The study categorizes restoration zones into five distinct types: river and lake wetland restoration, mine environment remediation, urban ecological landscape reconstruction, ecological corridor connectivity restoration, and soil and water conservation improvement. Combining ESP with ERA allows for the identification of regions most vulnerable to ecological damage while preserving key ecological functions and networks. Through the identification of urban ecological conflict zones, this study provides a strategic framework for enhancing ecosystem resilience and promoting sustainable urban development. This research is significant because of its potential to address the urgent need for effective ecological restoration strategies in rapidly urbanizing regions, offering a systematic approach to balance ecological preservation with urban development.