The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Anemia

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in erythropoiesis by regulating heme biosynthesis, iron-sulfur cluster formation, and cellular energy metabolism. Dysfunctional mitochondria contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of anemia, particularly in disorders such as sideroblastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and mitochondrial cytopathies. This review explores the mechanisms through which mitochondrial defects impair red blood cell (RBC) production and function, focusing on oxidative stress, defective iron metabolism, impaired ATP production, and apoptosis dysregulation. We also highlight potential therapeutic interventions, including antioxidants, mitochondrial-targeted therapies, and iron chelation strategies, which may alleviate anemia linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding these pathways may lead to novel treatment approaches for mitochondrial-related anemias. Keywords: Mitochondrial dysfunction, anemia, erythropoiesis, oxidative stress, iron metabolism, mitochondrial cytopathies, therapeutic interventions