Targeting Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity and Diabetes: The Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Plant Extracts

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are global health challenges that often coexist, both characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, particularly in adipose tissue. This inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and impaired metabolic function. Recent research has highlighted the therapeutic potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds in attenuating adipose tissue inflammation, providing a promising natural approach to managing obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This review aims to explore the mechanisms underlying adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and diabetes and discuss the potential of various plant extracts in reducing this inflammation. We focus on plant bioactive such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and carotenoids, which have been shown to modulate key inflammatory pathways, enhance insulin sensitivity, and improve metabolic health. The molecular mechanisms of action of these bioactive in regulating adipokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and macrophage polarization within adipose tissue are critically examined. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future directions in the clinical application of plant-based anti-inflammatory therapies in obesity and diabetes management. Keywords: Adipose tissue inflammation, obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, plant extracts, bioactive compounds, chronic inflammation, adipokines.