The Endocrine-Modulating Effects of Phytochemicals in Obesity and Diabetes: Targeting Leptin, Adiponectin, and Insulin Resistance

Obesity and diabetes are globally prevalent metabolic disorders, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of these conditions is often driven by dysregulated endocrine signaling pathways, including the dysfunction of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, as well as insulin resistance. Recent advances have demonstrated that plant-derived compounds, also known as phytochemicals, possess potential endocrine-modulating properties that can restore balance to these disrupted metabolic processes. This review aims to explore the regulatory effects of phytochemicals on key adipokines and insulin signaling pathways, with a focus on leptin, adiponectin, and insulin resistance. Various phytochemicals, including polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins, have been shown to influence these pathways through mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant effects, and modulation of gene expression. The review also highlights the mechanisms through which specific phytochemicals exert their beneficial effects, including their ability to promote insulin sensitivity, reduce leptin resistance, and enhance adiponectin levels. By examining both preclinical and clinical studies, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential for phytochemicals to serve as therapeutic agents in managing obesity and diabetes. Further research is needed to establish the clinical efficacy and safety of these compounds for metabolic health. Keywords: Phytochemicals, obesity, diabetes, endocrine modulation, leptin, adiponectin, insulin resistance, adipokines, metabolic dysfunction