Bio-waste as a resource for sustainable nanocomposites: strategies and multifunctional applications

Abstract The conversion of bio-waste into green nanocomposites offers an innovative and sustainable solution to global waste management challenges while advancing material science. Bio-waste, often seen as a disposal burden, can be transformed into high-performance, eco-friendly nanocomposites that significantly enhance environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. This review explores recent advancements in utilizing bio-waste as a raw material, focusing on its diverse origins, efficient preparation techniques, and broad applications. A wide range of bio-resources, from agricultural to industrial waste, has been studied, offering valuable insights into their properties and potential uses. The review also examines processing technologies for converting bio-waste into functional nanocomposites, showcasing their efficiency and innovation. Bio-waste-derived green nanocomposites have demonstrated remarkable potential in fields such as packaging, biomedical devices, environmental remediation, agriculture, electronics, and the automotive industry. Additionally, these materials exhibit a significantly lower environmental footprint compared to traditional materials, addressing key challenges like plastic pollution and environmental degradation. Despite these benefits, challenges remain in scaling up industrial production, including economic constraints, health and safety concerns, and technical limitations. This review identifies these barriers and proposes strategies to overcome them, supporting further development in the field. Ultimately, the study underscores the urgent need for continued research and innovation to unlock the full potential of bio-waste as a valuable resource. By promoting a circular economy and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources, bio-waste-derived nanocomposites pave the way for a greener, more sustainable future.