Understanding the electro-chemo-mechanics of lithium metal anodes

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their potential to increase energy density. However, the nonuniform electrodeposition of Li during cycling, plus the growth of Li dendrites and the side reactions between Li metal and the electrolyte, hinder the practical deployment of LMBs. The plating/stripping behavior of Li is an electro-chemo-mechanical process, and gaining a thorough understanding of its mechanisms is a cornerstone of LMB development. In this review, the current understanding of electro-chemo-mechanical processes on Li metal anodes is systematically summarized from the perspectives of Li plating/stripping in liquid- and solid-state electrolytes, the important role of the solid–electrolyte interphase, and the methodologies for understanding the electro-chemo-mechanics of the Li metal anode. The aim is to promote the development of LMBs through the optimization of Li metal anodes, which is based on understanding the fundamental processes occurring during electrochemical plating and stripping. • Electrochemical plating/stripping of Li is coupled electro-chemo-mechanics process. • Uniform plating of Li is dependent on factors of substrate, electrolyte and condition. • Integrating experiment with theory are essential for future lithium metal batteries.