How can aviation be decarbonized faster? An assessment of relevant short- and medium-term policy measures in a Nordic context

The urgent need to mitigate the devastating effects of global warming demands a rapid, significant reduction in emissions across all sectors. However, decarbonizing the aviation industry presents unique challenges due to alternatives being either costly and scarce, technologically immature, or politically unpopular. This study focuses on the Nordic region and explores potential strategies for decarbonizing aviation. By analyzing Nordic aviation travel data, airport distances, natural resource potentials, fuel usage, policy measures, stakeholder positions, technological readiness levels, legal issues, and other relevant factors, we propose a dual approach. First, on short-haul routes, battery electric aircraft may be used, once the technology matures within the next years. Second, on medium- and long-haul routes, in the foreseeable future sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) and, if available, hybrid and hydrogen technology. Furthermore, the successful implementation of well-designed policies to create markets for the new aircraft and fuel technologies is crucial for rapid progress. A collaborative Nordic approach, combined with implementing and strengthening current and upcoming EU policy initiatives, holds considerable promise. • A Nordic approach to aviation decarbonization could be particularly beneficial. • An earmarked Nordic passenger tax could finance a sustainable aviation fund. • The sustainable aviation fund could finance decarbonization policies. • Battery electric aviation is suitable for decarbonization of short-haul flights. • Sustainable aviation fuel is key for decarbonizing medium and long-haul flights.