Ferroptosis by nanomaterials: targeting cancer stem cells and overcoming drug resistance

Tumor ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for combating cancers, particularly in cases involving cancer stem cells (CSCs) and drug resistance. In recent years nanomaterial-based approaches have gained significant attention for the potential to selectively induce ferroptosis in cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in utilizing nanomaterials for targeting tumor ferroptosis with a specific focus on the application in eradicating CSCs and overcoming drug resistance mechanisms. The molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis induction by nanomaterials, the unique properties and functionalities of various nanomaterial platforms, and strategies for targeting CSCs and overcoming drug resistance using nanoferroptosis approaches will be discussed. In addition, the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of nanomaterial platforms will be evaluated. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives in the development and translation of nanoferroptosis-based therapies for precision cancer treatment will be highlighted.