A new form-evolving approach for adaptive tree-like structures using feature region principal stress lines method

This paper introduces a concept that adapts natural tree growth mechanisms through an adaptive, hierarchical subdivision of the in-plane design domain, utilizing principal stress lines (PSLs) extracted from feature regions (FRPSLs). The approach integrates architectural interactive design with structural logic, enabling the creation of free-form tree-like structures. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Unlike traditional form-finding methods that rely solely on external vertical loading or single load conditions, this method considers vertical plus bi-directional horizontal forces by applying them to generate PSLs patterns. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Numerical examples and design cases demonstrate that the proposed method effectively balances aesthetic needs with structural performance, offering a new approach for generating free-form tree-like structures. The results highlight its potential to provide more architectural alternatives with asymmetric, curvilinear forms without compromising structural integrity.