Epilepsy Biomarker Detection: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

Epilepsy is a common chronic nervous system disease affecting about 50 million people worldwide. Traditional diagnostic methods such as video EEG have limitations such as time consuming, high cost and lack of specificity. In recent years, biomarkers such as purine, miRNA and malondialdehyde (MDA) have provided new possibilities for the early diagnosis and disease monitoring of epilepsy, and biosensor technology has shown great potential for its fast, portable and low invasive. This paper aims to review biosensor-based epilepsy biomarker detection technologies, focusing on the mechanism, detection characteristics, application scenarios and limitations of SMARTChip (detecting purine in blood), qPCR (detecting miRNA expression) and MDP probe (detecting MDA level). By comparing their technical performance, sample requirements, and clinical applicability, the study found that SMARTChip is suitable for emergency screening, qPCR performs well in laboratory diagnosis, and MDP probes provide a real-time imaging tool for oxidative stress studies. However, these technologies still need to address the process of clinical translation. This paper highlights the importance of biosensors in improving the diagnosis and management of epilepsy, and suggests that future studies should enhance marker specificity, optimize device portability, and develop multi-modal monitoring devices to promote their widespread use in epilepsy management.