Development and Application of Nanopore Technology in Biosensing and Diagnostics

Nanopore technology has emerged as a powerful tool for biosensing, enabling real-time, single-molecule detection with high sensitivity and specificity. Over the past few decades, this technology has evolved significantly, transitioning from biological nanopores to solid-state nanopores, hybrid nanopores, and two-dimensional (2D) material nanopores, integrating advances in materials science, bioengineering, and computational modeling. The primary advantages of nanopore sensors include their ability to analyze nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules without requiring labeling, making them ideal for applications such as rapid diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Despite these advantages, challenges such as stability issues, signal noise, and molecular translocation speed control remain critical areas of research. Recent developments, including the use of machine learning algorithms, the integration of 2D material nanopores, and improvements in fabrication techniques, have significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of nanopore sensors. This review explores the historical development of nanopore technology, its advantages and limitations, the latest advancements, and fundamental sensing mechanisms, while also discussing its applications in biosensing, disease diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Future trends and challenges in nanopore technology are considered, including efforts to improve sensor stability, enhance detection capabilities, and integrate artificial intelligence for real-time data processing.