The Application of Therapeutic Tumor Vaccines in Melanoma

In this review, the synergistic application strategy and technological breakthrough of new generation vaccine technology and immune checkpoint inhibitor were discussed. Combined vaccine therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/CTLA-4 can effectively reverse T cell depletion and enhance anti-tumor immune response. For the clinical translation bottlenecks of personalized vaccines (such as patient-specific antigen synthesis and resource-intensive GMP production), the automated platforms (such as BioNTech's "RNA printer") and the universal vaccine strategies targeting conserved neoantigens (such as KRAS G12D or HPV E6/E7 virus antigens) significantly increase the scalability. The technical innovations highlighted include: 1) CRISPR-Cas9 enhances antigen presentation by editing dendritic cells (DCs) or knocks out immunosuppressive genes such as PD-L1; 2) The AI-driven platform optimizes the prediction of antigen-adjuvant combination and dosing scheme design through algorithms. These technological advances provide multi-dimensional solutions for precision immunotherapy, and promote the development of cancer vaccines in the direction of high efficiency and intelligence.