Normal and shear force sensor for diabetic foot

Purpose People with diabetes often have reduced sensation in their feet, making them vulnerable to ulcers caused by pressure or friction. Slow wound healing exacerbates the issue, often leading to delayed interventions, owing to a lack of sensation and, in severe cases, amputation. This study aims to develop a sensor designed for insole placement that can measure and detect peak normal and shear force levels associated with ulcer formation. Design/methodology/approach The design and methodology involve integrating a capacitive sensor optimized for insole placement. The sensor has variable capacitance stages and precise measurement techniques to address the complexities of diabetic foot care. Through careful design and thorough testing, the authors have developed a sensor capable of accurately detecting normal and shear forces, crucial for preventing and intervening in early ulceration. This approach combines advanced engineering principles with a deep understanding of biomechanics, paving the way for improved diagnostics and enhanced patient outcomes in diabetic foot management. Findings The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, low hysteresis, good precision, linearity and consistency across a wide measurement range. It also showed a strong coefficient of determination (high R² coefficient) for all force axes. Additionally, the sensor is cost-effective and designed with dimensions for seamless integration into insoles, making it practical for daily use and accessible to a broader population. This emphasis on affordability and usability highlights its potential to positively impact diabetic foot care by improving patient outcomes while addressing economic and practical barriers. Originality/value This work introduces an innovative approach to diabetic foot care by combining advanced sensor technology with cost-effective design principles. The sensor addresses the urgent need for accurate detection of normal and shear forces, filling a critical gap in current diagnostic tools. Its unique design not only ensures precise detection but also provides a low-cost alternative, increasing access to necessary health-care services. The value of this solution goes beyond its technical capabilities, promising to revolutionize diabetic foot management by emphasizing affordability, usability and, ultimately, improving patient outcomes.