SnO₂ nanorod based electrochemical sensor for heavy metal ion detection

Abstract An electrochemical sensor utilizing SnO 2 nanorods was developed for detecting heavy metal ions in water. Gold electrodes were fabricated in a clean room environment and coated with SnO 2 via chemical vapor deposition. The sensor effectively detects Cu 2 + and Sn 2 + ions within the maximum acceptable concentration limits established by the World Health Organization. Its compact design enables integration into Internet of Things systems or sensor arrays for monitoring various environmental pollutants.