The Role of Endoscopy in the Management of Dyspepsia: Indications, Benefits, Risks, and Considerations in Older Patients and Those with Alarm Features

Dyspepsia, characterized by epigastric discomfort, postprandial fullness, and early satiety, is a common disorder affecting a significant proportion of the population worldwide. Its management hinges on appropriately distinguishing functional from organic causes—where structural lesions or malignancies may be involved. Endoscopy serves as a crucial diagnostic tool, but its utilization should be guided by patient age and the presence of alarm features to ensure optimal benefit and avoid unnecessary risks. This review discusses current evidence regarding indications, diagnostic yield, and potential complications of endoscopy, emphasizing a risk-based approach tailored to individual clinical profiles.