A Decade of Genome Editing: Comparative Review of ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9

Recent advances in genome editing technologies, including ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 systems, have redefined our ability to probe and precisely modify the genome and epigenome in vivo and in vitro. ZFNs and TALENs pioneered targeted editing through engineered nucleases, offering high specificity and accuracy, while the RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized the field with its simplicity, efficiency, and adaptability across diverse biological systems. Emerging innovations enhance precision. Broader applicability and enable gene editing even in traditionally intractable models. This collection highlights the progress, comparative strengths, and expanding applications of these genome editing tools in research, therapeutic, and agricultural fields