Non-native aquatic species in the Yellow River Basin, China

The Yellow River is the second largest river in China and it supports a rich biodiversity and numerous endemic fish species ( Atrilinea macrolepis , Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis , and Hucho taimen ). It is one of China’s most important freshwater aquaculture and mariculture regions, and many non-native species have been introduced into the region. This study provided the Yellow River Basin’s first and current list of non-native aquatic species including a total of 112 species comprised of 59 fishes, 27 aquatic plants, 21 Mollusca, three reptiles, one crustacean and one amphibian. The primary introduction pathway is aquaculture (69 species), followed by the aquarium and ornamental trade (30 species), forage (four species), unintentional introductions (four species), ecological restoration (two species), religious releases (two species), and one species for biocontrol. Asia is the primary geographic origin of non-native species (39 species), followed by North America (33 species), South America (16 species), Europe (10 species), Africa (nine species) and Oceania (five species). Many non-native species have become important species in local aquaculture, the aquarium and ornamental trade or for other human uses. Many non-native species have caused significant negative economic, ecological and societal impacts. More research, field investigations and new guiding policies should be applied for the effective control and management of non-native species in the Yellow River Basin.