Spatial Climate Adaptation Characteristics and Optimization Strategies of Traditional Residential Courtyards in Cold Locations: A Case Study of Xiaoyi Ancient City in Shanxi Province, China

The traditional residential courtyards in Xiaoyi Ancient City, Shanxi, are a typical architectural form demonstrating significant energy efficiency and climate adaptability. This research examines the climate adaptability of the traditional residential courtyards in Xiaoyi by conducting field measurements and quantitative analysis, and it suggests appropriate optimization strategies. The study concludes that the thermal comfort of the building can be significantly improved by the following factors: a south-facing orientation, central positioning of the inverted house, an enclosure degree of 0.85, a distance of 2400 mm between the main house and side house, a T-shaped courtyard proportions of 3:1, a linear courtyard proportions of 5:1, a U-shaped courtyard proportions of 3:1, an entrance porch proportions of 1.5:1, a gray space scale of 1200 mm under the main house eaves, 500 mm under the side house eaves, and window-to-wall proportion of 0.33 for the main house and 0.32 for the side house. This optimization not only enhances the energy efficiency of the building but also improves internal comfort, as it is based on climate-responsive design. In terms of the inheritance of traditional architectural wisdom and its modern application, this study emphasizes the significance of considering the climatic environment in building design, providing a theoretical foundation for renovating traditional residential and modern architectural design.