Challenges and solutions in enhancing oral bioavailability of bcs class ii anti-cancer drugs

This review aims to explore and evaluate the current strategies employed to enhance the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II anti-cancer drugs, which are characterized by high permeability and low aqueous solubility. These drugs face several formulation and pharmacokinetic challenges, including limited dissolution rates, variable gastrointestinal conditions, and extensive first-pass metabolism, all contributing to inconsistent and reduced therapeutic efficacy. Relevant scientific literature was sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, focusing on studies published in the last ten years that reported on formulation strategies and bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble anti-cancer drugs. Studies were selected based on their relevance to BCS Class II compounds and their inclusion of in vitro or in vivo bioavailability data. The review covers a wide range of formulation approaches, including the use of solubilizing agents, nanoparticulate systems, solid dispersions, and prodrugs. Special emphasis is placed on emerging technologies such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), lipid-based formulations, nano emulsions, and the incorporation of pH-modifying excipients, which have demonstrated significant improvements in solubility and absorption. The findings suggest that these innovative delivery systems hold considerable promise for optimizing the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II anti-cancer drugs, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. Continued research and development in this area are essential for translating these strategies into clinically viable treatments and advancing the field of cancer pharmacotherapy.