Development and Optimization of a Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analytical Method for Detecting Sulfolane and Benzene Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes in Water Samples

Sulfolane, an organic solvent widely used in the petrochemical industry, has raised concerns due to its potential health risks and environmental mobility. Toxicological studies suggest that it may negatively affect human and ecological health, highlighting the need for risk assessments. Alongside sulfolane, BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) are commonly present in petrochemical operations, and their migration may be influenced by sulfolane. This study developed a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous analyses of sulfolane and BTEX in water. The sample preparation was designed for simplicity to allow for easy implementation without specialized equipment. The method was characterized, validated, and its ruggedness was tested through experimental design. The method was then applied to evaluate the stability of water samples under various storage conditions, and to analyze 97 real water samples collected from a contaminated site in Alberta, Canada. The results identified 17 samples with sulfolane concentrations exceeding the maximum limits for aquatic life preservation, and three samples with detectable toluene levels. These findings highlight the need for further research to better understand contamination profiles and assess associated risks.