Physical and Chemical Quality Assessment of Sachet Water in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State

The physical and chemical quality criteria of sachet water brands offered in Kaduna State, Nigeria's Chikun Local Government Area were evaluated in this study. To assess their adherence to World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water quality standards, twenty samples from five well-known brands were gathered and examined for physical characteristics (temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity) and chemical characteristics (pH, major ions, trace metals, and hardness). The results revealed that most physical parameters were within acceptable limits, with temperatures ranging from 22.10°C to 26.05°C, electrical conductivity from 21.7 to 145.1 μS/cm (below WHO limit of 1000 μS/cm), total dissolved solids from 7 to 11 mg/L (well below WHO limit of 1000 mg/L), and turbidity from 0.21 to 1.81 NTU (within WHO limit of 6 NTU). Chemical analysis showed pH values between 6.26 and 7.20, with one sample slightly below the WHO recommended range (6.5-8.5). All anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride) and heavy metals (zinc, iron, nickel, chromium, lead, and manganese) were detected at concentrations below WHO limits, indicating minimal risk of toxicity. Total hardness values ranged from 21 to 28 mg/L, classifying all samples as "soft water." Statistical analysis revealed 24 significant correlations between various parameters, suggesting potential common sources or treatment effects. While the analyzed sachet water samples largely complied with WHO guidelines, variations among different brands highlighted the need for consistent monitoring and stricter enforcement of quality standards. The presence of trace amounts of heavy metals, particularly lead (0.001-0.003 mg/L), underscores the importance of regular surveillance to prevent potential health risks from long-term exposure. This study provides valuable information for regulatory authorities, consumers, and sachet water producers regarding the safety and quality of drinking water in the region.