Key issues and advancement strategies for China’s OECMs in alignment with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

Background & Aims: The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) proposed the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and "3030 target" with the most attention.Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) are widely recognized as a cost-effective new type of conservation management tool that can achieve the 3030 targets by significantly increasing the protected areas on land and in the ocean while considering social and economic factors.The study takes the compliance work under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework as the background in China, seizes the relevant requirements of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China as an opportunity, leverages the characteristic advantages of OECMs and China's institutional advantages, then analyzes the current status of China's OECMs actions to identify key issues in advancing OECMs implementation (including significant opportunities and practical challenges), finally proposes strategic recommendations for advancing the work.Results: Key opportunities for OECMs implementation in China lie in closely aligning with the integrated optimization goals of the "ecological-living-production spaces", proactively identifying OECMs types that not only achieve conservation outcomes under government leadership but also attract market participation.By leveraging their advantage of balancing production, living, and ecological needs, which makes them more appealing under market economy : -OECMs 2025 | 33 | 3 | 24569 | 2conditions, these OECMs can effectively address current shortcomings such as lack of funding and insufficient specialized planning support.The practical challenges in the implementation of OECMs in China include unclear identification authorities and procedures, unaligned identification criteria and policy frameworks, insufficient financial and technical incentives for social participation, and the lack of research and promotion of the Chinese model.Proposed strategies include clarifying the identification authorities and procedures for OECMs at the national level, developing adaptive criteria and OECMs management guidelines, encouraging diversified social participation and financing mechanisms for OECMs, and initiating cost-benefit research on OECMs as a model with Chinese characteristics. Conclusion & Recommendation:In the logical analysis of key issues and corresponding advancement strategies for OECMs implementation in China, the conclusions of this study are illustrated through typical cases, reflecting a novel perspective that integrates scientific research, policy analysis, and practical experience.This study anticipates leveraging the distinctive features of China's institutional framework-clear objectives, effective measures, robust safeguards, and rigorous oversight-to strategically harness OECMs, thereby supporting the achievement of China's implementation goals and fostering a new model for fulfilling its commitments.