Haematological and Histopathological Sex-Related Changes Associated with Chronic Tramadol Hydrochloride Administration in Wistar Albino Rats

This study explored the hematological and histopathological effects of tramadol administration in Wistar albino rats. A total of 28 adult rats were allocated into four groups based on sex and treatment status. Tramadol was administered at a dosage of 100 mg/kg daily for four weeks to simulate chronic misuse, while control groups received normal saline. Hematological parameters, such as PCV, RBC, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, and differential leukocyte counts, were assessed using an automated hematology analyzer. Additionally, histopathological evaluations of the brain, liver, and kidneys were conducted at post-mortem. The findings revealed significant decreases in PCV, RBC, hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, and WBC in the treatment groups, with females experiencing greater changes. MCHC values remained unchanged. Differential leukocyte analysis showed decreased neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and monocyte counts, while basophil counts were unaffected. Histopathological analysis indicated tramadol-induced alterations in the brain, liver, and kidney tissues. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test highlighted notable sex-specific differences in hematological parameters between treatment and control groups. These results emphasized the hemotoxic and organ-specific risks associated with tramadol misuse, with females exhibiting higher susceptibility to hematological changes. The study highlighted the importance of careful monitoring of tramadol use due to its potential impact on critical physiological and histological functions.