Intelligent Prediction and Numerical Simulation of Landslide Prediction in Open-Pit Mines Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion and Machine Learning

With the increasing mining depth, the stability of open-pit mine slopes has become an increasingly important concern. This study focuses on an open-pit mine in Southwest China and utilizes unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology to gather data from these high and steep slopes. First, high-precision digital surface models and digital orthophoto data are collected using UAV terrain-following flight technology. However, two major challenges arise when applying geographic information systems (GISs) to this issue. The first challenge is that the extreme steepness of the slopes causes overlapping lithological layers at the same location, which GISs cannot resolve. The second challenge is that GISs cannot assess the influence of faults on landslides by calculating three-dimensional spatial distances. To overcome these issues, this study proposes the construction of a detailed 3D geological model for the entire mining area. This model allows for a more precise analysis of the lithology and fault spatial distances. A GIS is then applied to analyze the slope, curvature, and slope direction. Multi-source data fusion is employed to link spatial coordinates and create a dataset for further analysis. Five machine learning models for landslide prediction are compared using this dataset. Based on these comparisons, a high-precision random forest and slope boosting coupled method is developed to enhance the landslide prediction accuracy. Finally, a numerical simulation of a regional focus area is conducted, simulating the excavation process of an open-pit mine and analyzing the timing, location, and state of potential landslides. The results indicate that combining machine learning and multi-source data fusion provides a highly accurate, efficient, and straightforward method for landslide prediction in the high and steep slopes of open-pit mines.