Organic Waste Recycling through Composting: An Environmental Perspective

Organic waste generation, collection, and management are significant challenges in both developed and developing countries. Composting represents a key technology in circular economy and sustainability, as it returns organic matter back to the system in a way that improve soil quality and health, mitigates waste pollution and helps conserving resources. However, composting also has some negative environmental impacts, including issues that raise social concerns. This review explores the impact of composting and compost application on soil, air and water quality as well its effect on biodiversity. Compost application improves various soil physical, chemical and biological properties as well as enhances crop yield, crop growth and quality. But inefficient management practices during composting could result in leaching losses as well as affect air quality. There are also chances of accumulation of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in soil. So the composting process should be effectively managed to minimize potential issues and ensure the compost is stable and mature before application. Strategies such as use of biofilters, incorporating suitable bulking agents/ additives (like sawdust, biochar, phosphogypsum) during composting, and maintaining optimal composting conditions can considerably reduce environmental risks. Planting crops with high nitrogen demand can also help utilize available nutrients efficiently, reducing the possibility of leaching. Additionally, the compost must be assessed for pathogens, heavy metals, and other pollutants to ensure its safety and suitability for soil application.