Assessment of dog shelter management and welfare in Chiang Mai, Thailand: Implications for behavior and health

The management of stray dogs poses significant challenges worldwide, particularly in Thailand, where stray populations continue to rise. This study evaluated management practices and welfare conditions of eight dog shelters in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, focusing on space allocation, dog density, and human-dog interactions on canine behavior and health indicators. Results indicated that higher-density shelters experienced increased rates of lameness, coughing, skin conditions, and behaviors potentially related to stress or environmental conditions, such as panting, barking, and negative reactions toward strangers. Lower density was associated with higher body condition scores (p<0.05). Shelters with adequate space and structured human-dog interaction programs demonstrated improved welfare outcomes, including better body condition scores and fewer stress-related behaviors (p<0.05). By contrast, the lack of veterinary services in certain shelters was linked to higher disease prevalence. These findings underscore the importance of proper shelter management, environmental enrichment, and veterinary care in promoting the physical and psychological well-being of shelter dogs. The study highlights the need for national guidelines to ensure effective and humane management of stray animal populations in Thailand. Future research exploring physiological changes associated with shelter management practices is recommended to further enhance welfare strategies. • Shelter Density: High density was associated with health problems (lameness, skin diseases) and stress responses (barking, panting). Lower density was linked to improved health and behavior. • Enrichment Programs: The presence of toys, swimming pools, and scheduled play was associated with fewer stress-related behaviors like barking. • Veterinary Care: On-site veterinarians were associated with improved illness management and overall health.