MXenes: next-generation 2D nanomaterials for effective antimicrobial applications

• The potential of MXenes as tunable nanomaterials for developing novel antibacterial agents against superbugs and controlling biofilms is demonstrated. • The utilization of some critical properties to improve MXenes’ antibacterial activities is detailed. • The benefits of MXene hybrids and composites with metals and other nanomaterials in enhancing antimicrobial performance are showcased. • The limitations, such as toxicity and stability, and the future prospects of MXenes in antimicrobial applications are discussed. Bacteria, through their remarkable adaptability, have developed a diverse array of resistance mechanisms against antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents such as silver, leading to the irreversible and long-term challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This persistent evolution has given rise to highly resistant strains, often referred to as superbugs, underscoring the need for innovative and highly efficient structures to address this issue. MXenes, classes of two-dimensional materials, possess exceptional properties such as highly active sites, remarkable chemical stability, hydrophilicity, large interlayer spacing, extensive specific surface area, and superior sorption-reduction capacity. These properties make them promising nanomaterials for combating bacterial infections. This review explores the antimicrobial properties of MXenes and strategies enhancing their efficacy. Key attributes of MXenes, including atomic structure, delamination, intercalation, surface charge, surface terminations, flake size, dispersion, stability, photothermal and oxidative stress properties can be modified to improve their antimicrobial activities. Moreover, MXene hybrids and composites with metals, metal oxide nanoparticles, and other 1D or 2D nanomaterials provide further enhancement opportunities. The review also addresses limitations and future prospects of MXenes in antimicrobial applications. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into MXenes as versatile and tunable nanomaterials, highlighting their potential for developing novel antimicrobial agents against superbugs and controlling biofilms.