3D Modeling for Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) Planning

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) represents a paradigm shift in surgical interventions, offering reduced patient morbidity and expedited postoperative recovery. The integration of three-dimensional (3D) modeling within MIS planning, particularly in laparoscopic and robotic-assisted procedures, has substantially enhanced precision, spatial awareness, and surgical efficacy. This paper systematically examines the computational methodologies underpinning 3D model generation, including segmentation algorithms, surface reconstruction techniques, and real-time visualization. Furthermore, it explores the implications of 3D modeling in preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, and surgical simulation. Challenges such as computational overhead, model fidelity, and real-time adaptability are critically analyzed, with an outlook on emerging advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing.