Empirical Dietary Inflammation Index and association with metabolic and body composition changes in adults attending a nutrition outpatient clinic

Abstract Introduction: Excess weight is associated with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the development of metabolic disorders and low-grade chronic inflammation. Conversely, a diet based on fresh and minimally processed foods, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may help reduce the risk of these conditions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the empirical dietary inflammatory index and its relationship with the presence of metabolic alterations and body composition in adults attending a nutrition outpatient clinic. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study based on the analysis of secondary data from adults of both genders who attended a nutrition outpatient clinic in 2023. Data collection was performed through nutritional anamnesis during the first consultation, including sociodemographic, clinical, dietary, anthropometric, body composition, and laboratory test information. Based on the participants’ dietary survey, the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi software, and Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with a significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 131 individuals were evaluated, predominantly young adult women (78.6%), with more than 12 years of education (68.7%) and belonging to middle class C (65.6%). The median EDII was -0.281, being lower among middle-aged adults (-0.367), individuals with diagnosed pathologies (-0.326) (p<0.05), and those with HDL within recommended levels (-0.476) (p=0.022). Furthermore, individuals with metabolic syndrome exhibited a higher EDII value (0.109), particularly concerning the processed meat consumption (p<0.05). Conclusion: A positive association was observed between a more inflammatory dietary pattern and lower HDL levels, as well as waist circumference indicative of cardiovascular disease risk and metabolic syndrome.