Long-Term Power and Energy Balance Optimization for Interconnected Multi-Region Systems with Pumped Hydro Storage Clusters

Long-term power and energy balance analysis is commonly used to assess resource allocation scales in regional power systems or the adequacy of annual power generation resources. With the continuous increase in the installed capacity and generation proportion of renewable energy sources, the uncertainty and volatility of their outputs may lead to mismatches between supply and demand. Recently, the role of pumped storage in interconnected multi-region systems has become increasingly significant, and the potential for cluster development is becoming more evident. In the future, pumped hydro storage is poised to become a critical factor that cannot be overlooked in long-term power and energy balance analyses. This paper proposes a power and energy balance optimization model that considers pumped storage clusters. The model ensures that the hydraulic coupling relationships among pumped hydro storage units within the same cluster are satisfied, enabling the simulation of supply and demand behaviors of interconnected power grids containing pumped hydro storage clusters over several consecutive months. Finally, the proposed model is validated using data from interconnected power systems to demonstrate its analytical utility.