Multiphysics-Constrained Safe Charging Boundary for Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Coupled Electro-Thermal-Aging Model

Fast charging is essential to enhance the practicality of electric vehicles, yet it may accelerate degradation or damage to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study introduces a multi-physics constrained safe charging boundary for LIBs within a model predictive control (MPC) framework. This closed-loop charging strategy integrates model-based optimization with rule-based control. Within this control scheme, a coupled electro-thermal-aging model is developed to forecast battery states. Combined the MPC-based control and rule-based control, the proposed charging management can effectively balance the speed, safety, and battery life expectancy without violating the physical constraints. Experimental results compare the proposed MPC-based safe charging boundary with traditional rule-based strategies, highlighting trade-offs between charging speed and battery lifespan.