Binary Quasi-Oppositional Brown-bear Optimization Algorithm Based Maximization of Measurement Redundancy through Strategic Placement of Phasor Measurement Units

A phasor measuring unit (PMU) is the equipment that measures the power network voltage and current. It measures the phase angle and amplitude of an electrical quantity, which are referred to as phasors. The measured phasors carry a time stamp since the waveforms measured from the PMU are synchronized with the global time standard using the global positioning system (GPS). PMUs give a thorough and precise analysis of the power quality over a large geographic grid. The system operator can determine from the data collected whether the voltage, current, and frequency continue to lie within prescribed tolerances. The number of PMUs must be reduced due to their high cost, and their placement must be optimized to attain full system observability. For optimal PMU placement, other aspects, including network topology, generating sources, and measurement redundancy, should also be taken into account. In this paper, the binary quasi-oppositional Brown-Bear optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal locations of PMU. The algorithm is evaluated on several IEEE test systems, and when compared to other methods, the attained results appear to be better.