Optimization of Hybrid PV-Battery Energy Systems for Grid-Connected Greenhouses

This study tackles the challenges of high energy consumption and environmental impact in greenhouse operations by integrating grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems. A two-layer hierarchical optimization framework is proposed to improve energy management. The upper layer optimizes greenhouse operations to balance energy usage and costs, while the lower layer focuses on scheduling the hybrid energy system to maximize PV self-consumption and minimize total costs, including energy expenses, battery degradation, and carbon emissions. These strategies not only lower operational costs but also promote sustainable practices and improve energy efficiency in greenhouse management.