Integrating Distributed Generation into Power Flow Calculations: An Improved Newton-Raphson Approach

In the context of the global fossil energy crisis and the pursuit of dual carbon goals, distributed generation (DG) has been increasingly integrated into modern power systems. While DG offers significant benefits in terms of low carbon emissions and sustainable development, its diverse nature complicates traditional power flow calculations, thereby hindering effective system planning and scheduling. This paper presents an enhanced method for power flow calculation that incorporates DG. Initially, we establish mathematical models for various types of DG based on their operational principles, categorizing them into distinct node types. We then provide a comprehensive description of the conversion processes for nodes amenable to the Newton-Raphson method. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the improved power flow calculation method by analyzing the impact of DG on the IEEE 33 bus system, focusing on factors such as DG type, location, and capacity.