Wireless Sensor-Based Indoor Localization With Kernel Learning Strengthened Optimization

The accuracy of indoor localization system based on wireless sensor network becomes increasingly essential for the deployment of internet of things (IoT). But the performance of indoor localization system is often affected by the complex non-Gaussian noise that is common in indoor environments. To overcome above challenge, this paper proposes a novel fractional-order derivative <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i>-Laplace kernel mean <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i>-power error algorithm (Fr<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i>LaKMPE), and provides a detailed convergence analysis. The proposed algorithm utilizes the robustness of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i>-Laplace kernel learning strategy to mitigate the effects of complex non-Gaussian noise, while the fractional-order derivative effectively captures higher-order statistical information, accurately reflecting data distribution and system characteristics. Furthermore, Fr<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i>LaKMPE demonstrates a faster rate of convergence and provides an interpretable solution. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed Fr<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i>LaKMPE, three representative indoor localization scenarios obtained by wireless sensors are used. Meanwhile, the comparison with prevalent positioning methods (AFs, KAFs, Trilateration, Naive-Bayes, and KNN) is also implemented. Experimental results indicate that Fr<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i>LaKMPE improves positioning accuracy by at least 5.7%, demonstrating good robustness and marking a significant advancement in this field.