Ray-Tracing Calibration Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization in 5.9 GHz Outdoor Scenario

Please check and confirm whether the author affiliations in the first footnote are correct as set."?>Ray-tracing (RT) channel simulation has been widely used for simulating and analyzing propagation of electromagnetic waves in complex environments. The electrical properties of materials play a critical role in RT simulation accuracy and calibration of material is usually required. However, the traditional calibration methods for electrical parameters, such as the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm, suffer from slow convergence and limited parallelism, making them less suitable for complex scenarios with diverse material categories. This article presents a novel approach for automatic parameter optimization based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed method leverages fast convergence advantage of the PSO algorithm. It incorporates a linearly-varying strategy to gradually reduce inertia weight, and enhances algorithm local search capability. Additionally, random perturbation factors are employed to reassign particles exceeding boundaries, preventing them from being trapped in local optima. Measurements and calibration of 5.9 GHz outdoor channels demonstrate the method, which achieves fairly high accuracy.