Descriptive Epidemiology of Malaria in Afghanistan

Objectives: This study aims to provide a descriptive epidemiological analysis of malaria in Afghanistan from 2000 to 2024, focusing on demographic, geographical, and seasonal patterns. The research investigates trends in malaria incidence to inform future public health interventions. Methods: A narrative review study was conducted using malaria reports data collected by WHO and MoPH of Afghanistan. The data included reported malaria cases (suspected, confirmed and death cases - p.falciparum and p.vivax cases), demographic distribution, and seasonal reports. Statistical analysis was performed to identify trends and high-risk regions over the study period. Results: Between 2000 and 2024, Afghanistan reported approximately 3.67 million confirmed malaria cases and 19.67 million suspected cases, with an estimated annual average of 152 confirmed cases per 100,000 people. The incidence rate fluctuated, peaking in 2002 with 414,611 confirmed cases and declining significantly after 2019 due to strengthened intervention strategies. The most affected provinces in 2024 were Nuristan (396.5), Kunar (284.8), and Laghman (174.2) per 10,000. Among reported cases, 92.2% were caused by Plasmodium vivax and 6.5% by Plasmodium falciparum. The mortality rate over the 24-year period was approximately 0.04 deaths per 100,000 people annually. Conclusion: Despite a decline in malaria incidence due to control measures, Afghanistan remains an endemic region, with certain provinces experiencing persistent transmission. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, expanding vector control programs, and enhancing community-based interventions are crucial for further reducing the malaria burden. Future efforts should focus on improving diagnostic facilities, addressing drug resistance, and integrating innovative technologies for malaria surveillance and prevention.