Legal Commitments and Global Challenges in Public Health

Objectives: This study explores the legal foundations of the right to health as established in international and regional human rights instruments. It aims to analyze the extent of legal obligations for states and the effectiveness of those commitments in light of ongoing global public health challenges. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ISC, focusing on sources published between 1945 and 2024 in English and Persian. Selection criteria emphasized studies examining international legal instruments, public health policies, and challenges such as epidemics, bioterrorism, and emerging diseases. A total of 4,250 studies were identified, and after full-text screening, 58 studies were selected based on relevance and rigor. Data were extracted and synthesized according to legal frameworks and health justice principles. Results: Findings reveal that international legal documents such as the ICESCR, CEDAW, CRC, CRPD, and the WHO Constitution provide a strong normative basis for the right to health. These instruments define clear obligations for states, including health system accessibility, equity, and quality. However, global enforcement remains inconsistent, and implementation varies by region. Challenges such as epidemic outbreaks, bioterrorism, and emerging infectious diseases expose legal gaps and systemic vulnerabilities. Conclusion: Although international law strongly affirms the right to health, enforcement and global equity in health access remain weak. Bridging the gap between legal promises and public health realities requires stronger accountability, legal reforms, and collaborative global health governance