Effect of Exercise and Sports Participation on Maternal Health in Pregnant Athletes [ID 1142]

INTRODUCTION: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends moderate exercise during pregnancy; however, guidelines primarily target recreational exercisers and may not fully address the unique needs of athletes. As more women pursue athletic careers, there is a need for tailored recommendations that balance physiological changes during pregnancy with athletic performance. This study presents findings on the effects of pregnancy on physiology and athletic performance as well as the risks and benefits of exercise for pregnant athletes. METHODS: This review examines the existing literature on the relationship between exercise, maternal health, and athletic performance. A total of 22 studies involving 4,163 participants were analyzed. RESULTS: Regular exercise during pregnancy is associated with reduced risk of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders, and improved cardiovascular fitness. Exercise enhances fetal vascular function, potentially reducing the risk of a macrosomic infant. For professional athletes, individualized exercise regimens are essential, as high-intensity activities can affect fetal heart rate and blood flow. Training at more than 90% of maximal heart rate may lead to fetal growth retardation. Strength training in elite athletes, although beneficial, must be approached with caution due to potential risks such as elevated intra-abdominal pressure and reduced fetal blood flow. Endurance athletes may maintain fitness during pregnancy without adverse outcomes, whereas those engaging in high-altitude or contact sports require adjustments to training protocols. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Exercise during pregnancy benefits both maternal and fetal health; however, elite athletes need individualized guidelines to safely continue training. Further research is required to establish specific recommendations that support the health and career longevity of pregnant athletes.