Gene expression and pollen performance indicate altered postmating selection between <i>Solanum</i> species with different mating systems

Postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) traits play an important role in mating success, especially in species where gametes from multiple males compete. Despite this, the effect of mating system transitions, and attendant shifts in the intensity of sexual selection, on specific PMPZ traits and loci is still poorly understood. Here, we assessed differences in pollen PMPZ traits and tissue-specific gene expression (in leaf, pollen, and style) between 2 closely related plant species with different mating systems-Solanum lycopersicum (selfing) and Solanum pennellii (outcrossing). We focused on species differences in loci with known roles in pollen tube growth rate, including pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and their inhibitors (PMEIs), and in vitro and in vivo pollen tube growth rates. Among the gene expression differences observed between species, we found that the expression domain of pollen-biased genes was much narrower in the selfing species S. lycopersicum compared with the outcrossing species S. pennellii, including for most reproductive PMEs and PMEIs. In addition, S. pennellii had faster pollen tube growth rates in vivo, while S. lycopersicum had faster in vitro pollen tube growth rates. We propose that the lower expression of pollen tube development genes in S. lycopersicum style tissue, and reduced in vivo pollen performance, is a result of reduced allocation to stylar mechanisms that modulate pollen tube growth, potentially consistent with relaxed selection on cryptic female choice in the selfing species.