Dissecting the connection between volatile organic compounds and cardiovascular disease: immune cell-mediated mechanism

Our study shows that higher levels of urinary DHBMA, HPMMA, and ATCA are associated with increased cardiovascular risk through monocyte-driven inflammation. Importantly, normal-weight and moderately active adults, socioeconomically vulnerable groups, and drinkers emerge as high-risk subpopulations. These findings suggest the need for targeted public health interventions, such as improving indoor air quality, reducing VOC emissions, and addressing monocyte-mediated inflammation, to reduce VOC-related cardiovascular risks.