Nutritionally adequate, healthy, and climate-friendly diets following the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023: an optimization study for Norway

The NNR2023 guidelines outline diets that have generally lower environmental impacts than the average Norwegian diet, though outcomes depend on distribution of meat and legume consumption in the diet. Regardless of degree of environmental impact reduction, diets following NNR2023 guidelines will require significant dietary changes compared to observed intake, including an increase in consumption of fruits, vegetables, and grains, and a strong decrease in consumption of red meat, total meat, and discretionary foods. Preventing the model from removing any ruminant meat from the diet limited GWP reduction to 15% and induced considerable changes in intake of other food groups, especially a decrease in other types of meat.